Evidence and mineralogical and physico-chemical properties of chernozem and chernozem-like soils in Croatia
Article Sidebar
Published:
Oct 16, 2023
Keywords:
Chernozem, Loess-derived soils, Soil mineralogy, Eastern Croatia
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aim was to determine possible local differences between the parent materials of recent leoss-derived soils in eastern Croatia (Dalj, Zmajevac). Furthermore, it highlights the existence of chernozem and chernozem-like soils in Croatia and describes their basic physical, chemical and mineral properties. For this purpose, two soil profiles (P-3 and P-6) south of the Dalj settlement and one soil profile (P-10) near the Zmajevac settlement were excavated. The investigation included a detailed pedological analysis, a modal analysis of the heavy and light mineral fraction and a mineralogical analysis of bulk samples (the < 2 mm fraction) and the fraction < 2 μm. By comparing the obtained results with the criteria of the Croatian Soil Classification and the World Reference Base for Soil Resources, the soil profiles P-3 and P-6 can be defined as Chernozem on Loess or Hortic Calcic chernozem (Epiloamic, Endosiltic, Aric, Humic). The systematic unit for profile P-10 was defined as Rendzina according to the Croatian Soil Classification or Calcic Chernozem (Siltic) according to the WRB. Based on the results of the pedological analysis of the soil profile horizons, a gradual degradation of the chernozem was observed as a result of anthropogenic influence, but also due to recent climate change. The degradation is particularly evident in the form of a reduction in organic matter and the relocation of carbonates from the surface to deeper zones. Due to the increasing degree of weathering caused by recent climate changes, some differences in the mineralogical composition of the studied soils were also observed. The progressive degradation of the chernozem due to the effects of recent weathering processes is indicated mainly by the presence of goethite in the fraction < 2 μm as a weathering product of iron minerals (magnetite, pyroxenes…). Although the parent material of all three profiles is loess sediments, the reason why the soil material of profile P-10 has not developed a chernic horizon is the constant contribution of aeolian material and a short period of exposure to pedogenetic processes.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
Issue
Section
Original Scientific Papers
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors have copyright and publishing rights on all published manuscripts.
References
AITCHISON, J. (1986): The Statistical Analysis of Compositional Data.– Chapman and Hall, London, New York, 416 p. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-4109-0
AITCHISON, J. (1997): The One-hour Corse in Compositional Data Analysis or Compositional data analysis.– IAMG97, 33 p.
ALTAY, I. (1997): Red Mediterranean soils in some karstic regions of Taurus mountains, Turkey.– Catena, 247–260. doi: 10.1016/s0341-8162(96)00041-0
ALTERMANN, M., RINKLEBE, J., MERBACH, I., KÖRSCHENS, M., LANGER, U. & HOFMANN, B. (2005): Chernozem – soil of the year 2005.– J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 168/6, 725-740. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200521814
BAČANI, A., ŠPARICA, M. & VELIĆ, J. (1999): Quaternary Deposits as the Hydrogeological System of Eastern Slavonia.– Geol. Croat., 52/2, 141–152.
BAŠIĆ, F. (2013): Soils of Croatia.– The World Soils Book Series. Springer/series 8915, 179 p. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5815-5
BOGUNOVIĆ, M., VIDAČEK, Ž., HUSNJAK, S. & SRAKA, M. (1988): Inventory of soil in Croatia.– Agriculturae conspectus scientificus, 63/3, 105–112.
BOGUNOVIĆ, M., VIDAČEK, Ž., RACZ, Z., HUSNJAK, S., ŠPOLJAR, A. & SRAKA, M. (1998): FAO UNESCO pedološka karta 1:1.000.000 [FAO UNESCO Pedologycal map 1:1.000.000 – in Croatian].– Agronomski fakultet Sveuč. u Zagrebu, Zavod za pedologiju, Zagreb.
BOKHORST, M.P., BEETS, C.J., MARKOVIĆ, S.B., GERASIMENKO, N.P., MATVIISHINA, Z.N. & FRECHEN, M. (2009): Pedo-chemical climate proxies in Late Pleistocene Serbian–Ukranian loess sequences.– Quatern. Int., 198/1–2, 113–123. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.09.003
BREWER, R. (1976): Fabric and Mineral analysis of Soils.– Krieger, Huntington, New York, 482 p.
BRINDLEY, G.W. & BROWN, G. (1980): Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification.– Miner. Soc., London, 495 p. doi: 10.1180/mono-5
BRONGER, A. (2003): Corelation of loess-paleosol sequences in East and Central Asia with SE Central Europe: towards a continental Queternary pedostratigraphy and paleoclimatic history.- Quat. Int., 106/107, 11–31.
BROWN, G. (1961): The X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals.– Miner. Soc, London, 544 p.
CGS-DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY (2009): Geological Map of Republic of Croatia, M 1:300.000.– Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Geology, Zagreb.
ĆIRIĆ, M. (1965): Atlas šumskih zemljišta Jugoslavije. Jugoslavenski poljoprivredno šumarski centar - Beograd. Grafički zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb, 250 p.
CROATIAN METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL SERVICE (2023): Wind Atlas, https://meteo.hr/klima.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1_8 (last accessed 1st March, 2023).
DOKUCHAEV, V.V. (1948): Russian Chernozem: Selected Works [in Russian].– Sel´khozgiz, Moscow, 1, 21–476.
DURN, G., OTTNER, F., SLOVENEC, D. (1999): Clay minerals as an indicator of the polygenetic nature of terra rossa in Istria, Croatia. – Geoderma, 91, 1–2, 125–150.
DURN, G. (2003): Terra rossa in the Mediterranean region: parent materials, composition and origin.– Geol. Croat., 56/1, 83–100. doi: 10.4154/gc.2003.06
DURN, G., ALJINOVIĆ, D., CRNJAKOVIĆ, M. & LUGOVIĆ, B. (2007): Heavy and light mineral fractions indicate polygenesis of extensive terra rossa soils in Istria, Croatia.– In: MANGE, M.A. & WRIGHT, D.T. (eds.): Heavy Minerals in Use. Dev. Sedim., 58, 701–737. doi: 10.1016/s0070-4571(07)58028-3
ECKMEIER, E., GERLACH, R., GEHRT, E. & SCHMIDT, M.W.I. (2007): Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe – A review.– Geoderma, 139, 288–299. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009
FAIVRE, S., GALOVIĆ, L., SÜMEGI, P., CVITANOVIĆ, M., NÁFRÁDI., K. & HORVATINČIĆ, N. (2019): Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Milna valley on the island of Vis (Central Adriatic) during the late Holocene.– Quatern. Int., 510, 1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.017
FAO (2006): Guidelines for Soil Description. 4th ed.– FAO, Rome, 97 p.
FRECHEN, M., OCHES, E.A. & KOHFELD, K.E. (2003): Loess in Europe – mass accumulation rates during the Last Glacial Period.– In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.): Loess and the Dust Indicators and Records of Terrestrial and Marine Palaeoenvironments (DIRTMAP) database.– Quat. Sci. Rev., 22/18–19, 1835–1857. doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00183-5
FRECHEN, M. & PÉCSI, M. (2004): Abony brickyard: IRSL and TL analysis of “Infusion Loess”.– LoessInForm, 4, 63–70.
GAJIĆ, B., ŽIVKOVIĆ, M. & DUGALIĆ, G. (2006): Aggregate composition of carbonate chernozem from south Banat.– Zemljište i biljka, 55/ 2, 131–140.
GALOVIĆ, L. (2014): Geochemical archive in the three loess/paleosol sections in the Eastern Croatia: Zmajevac I, Zmajevac and Erdut.– Aeolian Res., 15, 113–132. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.07.004
GALOVIĆ, L. (2016): Sedimentological and mineralogical characteristics of the Pleistocene loess/paleosol sections in the Eastern Croatia.– Aeolian Res., 20, 7–23. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.10.007
GALOVIĆ, L., FRECHEN, M., HALAMIĆ, J., DURN, G. & ROMIĆ, M. (2009): Loess chronostratigraphy in Eastern Croatia – A first luminescence dating approach.– Quatern. Int., 198, 85–97. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.02.004
GALOVIĆ, L. & PEH, Z. (2016): Mineralogical discrimination of the Pleistocene loess/paleosol sections in Srijem and Baranja, Croatia.– Aeolian Res., 21, 151–162. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.04.006
GORJANOVIĆ-KRAMBERGER, D. (1911): Iz prapornih predjela Slavonije [From the loess areas of Slavonia – in Croatian and German].– Vijesti geol. povjerenstva, 2, 28–30, Zagreb.
GORJANOVIĆ-KRAMBERGER, D. (1922): Morfologijske i hidrografijske prilike prapornih predjela u Srijemu te pograničnih česti županije virovitičke [Morphological and hydrographic conditions of flag areas in Srijem and the border areas of Virovitica County – in Croatian].– Glasnik Hrv. prir. društva, 34/2, 111–164.
GRAČANIN, M. (1951): Pedologija, III. dio - Sistematika tala [Pedology, part III. Systematics of soils – in Croatian].– Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 298 p.
HEĆIMOVIĆ, I. (1991): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Tumač za list Mohač, Geomorfološka analiza [Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100.000, Geology of the Mohač sheet, Geomorphological analysis – in Croatian].– Fond struč. dok. HGI Zagreb, 5 p.
HRN ISO 10390 (2005): Soil quality – Determination of pH (ISO 10390:2005).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 10693 (2004): Soil quality – Determination of carbonate content – Volumetric method (ISO 10693:1995).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11272 (2004): Soil quality– Determination of dry bulk density (ISO 11272:1998).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11277 (2011): Soil quality – Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material – Method by sieving and sedimentation (ISO 11277:2009).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11464 (2009): Soil quality – Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis (ISO 11464:2006).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11508 (2004): Soil Quality – Soil quality – Determination of particle density (ISO 11508:1998).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HUSNJAK, S. (2014): Sistematika tla Hrvatske [Soil systematics of Croatia – in Croatian].– Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 375 p.
IUSS WORKING GROUP WRB (2022): World Reference base for Soil Resources. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legenda for soil maps. 4th edition.– International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), Vienna, Austria, 234 p.
JDPZ (1966): Priručnik za ispitivanje zemljišta, Knjiga 1, Hemijske metode ispitivanja zemljišta [Manual for soil testing, Book 1, Chemical Methods of Soil Testing – in Serbian].– Jugoslovensko društvo za proučavanje zemljišta (JDPZ), 270 p.
JDPZ (1971): Priručnik za ispitivanje zemljišta, Knjiga 5, Metode istraživanje fizičkih svojstava zemljišta [Manual for soil testing, Book 5, Methods of investigation of physical properties of soil – in Serbian].– Jugoslovensko društvo za proučavanje zemljišta (JDPZ), 205 p.
JELIĆ, T. & KALOGJERA, A. (2002): Tematski zemljovidi [Thematic maps – in Croatian].– In: BOROVAC, I. (ed.): Veliki atlas Hrvatske [The big atlas of Croatia – in Croatian]. Mozaik knjiga, Zagreb, 338–355.
JENNY, H. (1980): The Soil Resource: Origin and Behaviour. Springer, New York, 281 p.
KEMPE, U., GÖTZE, J., DOMBON, E., MONECKE, T. & POUTIVTSEV, M. (2012): Quartz regeneration and its use as a repository of genetic information.– In: GÖTZE, J. & MÖCKEL, R. (eds.): Quartz: Deposits, mineralogy and analytics. Springer Verlag, 331–355. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-22161-3_15
KLEPIKOV, I.V., VASILEV, E.A. & ANTONOV, A.V. (2022): Regeneration Growth as One of the Principal Stages of Diamond Crystallogenesis.– Minerals, 12, 327. doi: 10.3390/min12030327
KOVAČIĆ, M., HORVAT, M., PIKIJA, M. & SLOVENEC, D. (2011): Composition and provenance of Neogene sedimentary rocks of Dilj gora Mt. (south Pannonian Basin, Croatia).– Geol. Croat., 64/2, 121–132. doi: 10.4154/GC.2011.10
KRAVCHENKO, Y., ROGOVSKA, N., PETRENKO, L., ZHANG, X., SONG, C. & CHEN, Y. (2012): Quality and dynamics of soil organic matter in a typical Chernozem of Ukraine under different long-term tillage systems.– Can. J. Soil Sci., 92/3, 429–438. doi: 10.4141/cjss2010-053
KRUPENYKOV, I.A. (2008): Chernozems. Appearance, perfection, tragedy degradation, path of protection and renaissance [in Russian].– Pontos, Kishineu, 288 p.
ŁABAZ, B. , WAROSZEWSKI, J., DUDEK, M., BOGACZ, A. & KABALA, C. (2022): Persistence of arable Chernozems and Chernic Rendzic Phaeozems in the eroded undulating loess plateau in Central Europe.– Catena, 216, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106417
ŁABAZ, B., KABALA, C., DUDEK, M. & WAROSZEWSKI, J. (2019): Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland.– Soil Science Annual, 70/3, 211–224. doi: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0019
ŁABAZ, B., MUSZTYFAGA, E., WAROSZEWSKI, J., BOGACZ, A., JEZIERSKI, P. & KABALA, C. (2018): Landscape-related transformation and differentiation of Chernozems – Catenary approach in the Silesian Lowland, SW Poland.– Catena, 161, 63–76. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2017.10.003
MARKOVIĆ, S.B., VANDENBERGHE, J., PERIĆ, Z.M., FILYÓ, D., BARTYIK, T., RADAKOVIĆ, M.G., HAO, Q., MARKOVIĆ, R.S., LUKIĆ, T., TOMIĆ, N., GAVRILOV, M.B., ANTIĆ, A., CVIJANOVIĆ, I. & SIPOS, G. (2023): Local Differentiation in the Loess Deposition as a Function of Dust Source: Key Study Novo Orahovo Loess Paleosol Sequence (Vojvodina, Serbia).– Quaternary, 6/1, 23. doi: 10.3390/quat6010023
MOORE, D. & RAYNOLDS, R. (1997): X-raj Diffraction and the Identification of and Analysis of Clay Minerals (2nd Ed.).– Oxford University Press, New York, 378 p.
MUNSELL SOIL COLOR BOOK (2013): Munsell Soil Color Charts with genuine Munsell color chips.– Macbeth Division of Kollmorgem Instruments Corporation, New Windsor.
MUTIĆ, R. (1990): Korelacija kvartara istočne Slavonije na osnovi podataka mineraloško-petrografskih analiza [Correlation of the Eastern Slavonian Quaternary Deposits Based onthe Mineralogical and Petrological Analyses (Eastern Croatia) – in Croatian].– Acta Geol. 20/2, 1–52.
NEJGEBAUER, V. (1951): Vojvođanski černozem – njegova veza sa černozemom istočne i jugoistočne Europe i pravac njegove degradacije [Vojvodina chernozem - its connection with the chernozem of Eastern and Southeastern Europe and the direction of its degradation – in Serbian].– Naučni zbornik Matice srpske, 1, 1–78.
NEJGEBAUER, V., VUCHICH, N., MILKOVICH, N. (1983): The Jugoslavian chernozem.– Počvovedenje, 9, 22–32.
PAMIĆ, J. & PIKIJA, M. (1987): Badenian Andesites and Pyroclastics from Baranja in Northern Croatia (Yugoslavia).– Acta Geol. Hung., 30/1-2, 111–132.
PEEL, M.C., FINLAYSON, B.L. & MCMAHON, T.A. (2007): Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.– Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11/5, 1633–1644. doi: 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
PERČEC TADIĆ, M., PASARIĆ, Z. & GUIJARRO, J.A. (2023): Croatian high-resolution monthly gridded dataset of homogenised surface air temperature.– Theor. Appl. Climatol., 151, 227–251. doi: 10.1007/s00704-022-04241-y
PERNAR, N. (2017): Tlo, nastanak, značajke, gospodarenje [Soil, formation, characteristics, management – in Croatian].– Udžbenik Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 799 p.
PILAR, D. (1875): Podravina, Đakovština i Dilj gora [Podravina, Đakovo area and Dilj gora Mt. – in Croatian].– Rad JAZU, 33,38–57, Zagreb.
POZNIAK, S. (2019): Chernozems of Ukraine: past, present and future perspectives.– Soil Science Annual, 70/3, 193–197. doi: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0017
RADAKOVIĆ, M.G., GAVRILOV, M.B., HAMBACH, H., RANDALL SCHAETZL, J., TOŠIĆ, I., NINKOV, J., VASIN, J. & MARKOVIĆ, S.B. (2019): Quantitative relationships between climate and magnetic susceptibility of soils on the Bačka Loess Plateau (Vojvodina, Serbia).– Quatern. Int., 502/Part A, 85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.040
ROESCHMANN, G., EHLERS, J., MEYER, B. & ROHDENBURG, H. (1982): Paläoböden in Niedersachsen, Bremen und Hamburg [Paleosoils in Lower Saxony, Bremen and Hamburg – in German].– Geologisches Jahrbuch. F, 14, 255–309.
ROMIĆ, M., BRAGATO, G., ZOVKO, M., ROMIĆ, D., MOSETTI, D., GALOVIĆ, L. & BAKIĆ, H. (2014): The characteristics of cultivated soils developed from coastal paleosand (Korčula Island, Croatia).– Catena, 113, 281–291. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2013.08.009
RUBINIĆ, V., GALOVIĆ, L., HUSNJAK, S. & DURN, G. (2015): Climate vs. parent material – Which is the key of Stagnosol diversity in Croatia?.– Geoderma, 250–261. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.029
RUBINIĆ, V., GALOVIĆ, L., LAZAREVIĆ, B., HUSNJAK, S. & DURN, G. (2018): Pseudogleyed loess derivates - The most common soil parent materials in the Pannonian region of Croatia.– Quatern. Int., 494, 248–262. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.044
SCHEFFER F. & SCHACHTSCHABEL P. (2002): Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. 15. Auflage [Textbook of Soil Science. 15th edition – in German].– Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 593 p.
SLOVENEC, D., BELAK, M., MIŠUR, I., ŠEGVIĆ, B. & SCHUSTER, R. (2020): The early Paleozoic cumulate gabbroic rocks from the southwest part of the Tisza Mega-Unit (Mt. Papuk, NE Croatia) - evidence of a Gondwana suture zone.– Int. J. Earth Sci., 109/6, 2209–2233. doi: 10.1007/s00531-020-01896-8
ŠANDOR, F. (1912): Istraživanja prapora iz Vukovara, Bilogore i sa Rajne (Prethodne vijesti) [Investigations of loess from Vukovar, Bilogora and the Rhine River (Previous News) – in Croatian].–Vijesti geol. povjerenstva, 2, 103–107.
ŠEGVIĆ, B., SLOVENEC, D. & BADURINA, L. (2022): Major and rare earth element mineral chemistry of low-grade assemblages inform dynamics of hydrothermal ocean-floor metamorphism in the Dinaridic Neotethys.– Geol. Mag., First view, 1–27. doi: 10.1017/S0016756822001030
ŠKORIĆ, A. (1960): Degradacija černozema u Hrvatskoj [Degradation of chernozem in Croatia – in Croatian].– Poljoprivredno znanstvena smotra, 17, 187–226.
ŠKORIĆ, A. et al. (1977): Tla Slavonije i Baranje [Soils of Slavonia and Baranja – in Croatian].– Projektni savjet pedološke karte Hrvatske, posebna izdanja, knjiga 1, 256 p.
ŠKORIĆ, A. (1982): Priručnik za pedološka istraživanja [Soils of Slavonia and Baranja – in Croatian].– Sveučilište u Zagrebu Fakultet poljoprivrednih znanosti, 57 p.
ŠKORIĆ, A., FILIPOVSKI, G. & ČIRIĆ, M. (1973): Klasifikacija tala Jugoslavije [Classification of soils of Yugoslavia – in Croatian].– Zavod za pedologiju Fakulteta poljoprivrednih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 72 p.
ŠKORIĆ, A., FILIPOVSKI G. & ĆIRIĆ, M. (1985): Klasifikacija zemljišta Jugoslavije [Classification of soils of Yugoslavia – in Croatian].– Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 72 p.
ŠPOLJAR, A., HUSNJAK, S., PEREMIN VOLF, T. & ŽIBRIN, D. (2001): Zemljišne kombinacije pedološkog pokrova Hrvatske [Soil combinations of pedological cover in Croatia – in Croatian].– Agronomski glasnik, 63/1–2, 3–21.
TERHORST, B., OTTNER, F. & WRIESSNIG, K. (2012): Weathering intensity and pedostratigraphy of the Middle to Upper Pleistocene loess/paleosol sequence of Wels- Aschet (Upper Austria).– Quatern. Int., 265, 142–154. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.042
THAMÓ-BOZSÓ, E. & KOVÁCS, L. (2007): Evolution of quaternary to modern fluvial network in the Mid-Hungarian plain, indicated by heavy mineral distributions and statistical analysis of heavy mineral data.– In: MANGE, M., WRIGHT, D. (eds.): Heavy Minerals in Use. Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 58, 491–514. doi: 10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58019-2
THAMÓ-BOZSÓ, E., KOVÁCS, L.O., MAGYARI, Á. & MARSI, I. (2014): Tracing the origin of loess in Hungary with the help of heavy mineral composition data.– Quatern. Int., 319, 11–21. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.04.030
TRIFUNOVIĆ, S. (1985): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Tumač za list Odžaci L34-87 [Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100.000, Geology of the Ođaci sheet – in Croatian].– Geološki institut Beograd i Nafta-gas Novi Sad (1984), Sav. geol. zavod, Beograd. 54 p.
ÚJVÁRI, G., KOK, J.F., VARGA, G. & KOVÁCS, J. (2016): The physics of wind-blown loess: implicationsfor grain size proxy interpretations in Quaternary paleoclimate studies.– Earth Sci. Rev., 154, 247–278. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.006
ÚJVÁRI, G., VARGA, A. & BALOGH-BRUNSTAD, Z. (2008): Origin, weathering, and geochemical composition of loess in southwestern Hungary.– Quaternary Res., 69, 421e437. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.001
ÚJVÁRI, G., VARGA, A., RAUCSIK, B. & KOVÁCS, J. (2014): The Paks loess-paleosol sequence: A record of chemical weathering and provenance for the last 800 ka in the mid-Carpathian basin.– Quatern. Int., 319, 22–37. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.04.004
URUMOVIĆ, K., MARTINČEVIĆ LAZAR, J. & KOSOVIĆ, I. (2017): Relations between mineralogical compound and hydrogeological properties of typical finegrained sediments in Eastern Croatia.– In: POSAVEC, K. & MARKOVIĆ T. (eds.): 44th Annual Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Book of Abstracts, IAH, Dubrovnik, 146.
VELDE, B. & MEUNIER, A. (2008): The Origin of Clay minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 407 p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-75634-7
VELIĆ, J., DRAGIČEVIĆ, I. & PRELOGOVIĆ, E. (1985): Geološki odnosi kvartarnih naslaga okolice Erduta (istočna Slavonija).– Geol. vjesnik, 38, 87–100.
VIDOJEVIĆ, D., MANOJLOVIĆ, M., ĐORĐEVIĆ, A., NEŠIĆ, LJ. & DIMIĆ, B. (2016): Organic carbon stocks in the chernozems of Serbia. EUROSOIL, Istambul, Abstract book, 288.
WACHA L., GALOVIĆ L., KOLOSZÁR L., MAGYARI Á., CHIKÁN G. & MARSI I. (2013). The chronology of the Šarengrad II loess-palaeosol section (Eastern Croatia).– Geol. Croat., 66, 191–203. doi: 10.4154/GC.2013.18
WARR L.N. (2021): IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols.– Mineral. Mag., 85, 291–320. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43
WHITNEY, D.L. & EVANS, B.W. (2010): Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals, Am. Mineral., 95, 185-187. doi: 10.2138/am.2010.3371
AITCHISON, J. (1997): The One-hour Corse in Compositional Data Analysis or Compositional data analysis.– IAMG97, 33 p.
ALTAY, I. (1997): Red Mediterranean soils in some karstic regions of Taurus mountains, Turkey.– Catena, 247–260. doi: 10.1016/s0341-8162(96)00041-0
ALTERMANN, M., RINKLEBE, J., MERBACH, I., KÖRSCHENS, M., LANGER, U. & HOFMANN, B. (2005): Chernozem – soil of the year 2005.– J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sc., 168/6, 725-740. doi: 10.1002/jpln.200521814
BAČANI, A., ŠPARICA, M. & VELIĆ, J. (1999): Quaternary Deposits as the Hydrogeological System of Eastern Slavonia.– Geol. Croat., 52/2, 141–152.
BAŠIĆ, F. (2013): Soils of Croatia.– The World Soils Book Series. Springer/series 8915, 179 p. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5815-5
BOGUNOVIĆ, M., VIDAČEK, Ž., HUSNJAK, S. & SRAKA, M. (1988): Inventory of soil in Croatia.– Agriculturae conspectus scientificus, 63/3, 105–112.
BOGUNOVIĆ, M., VIDAČEK, Ž., RACZ, Z., HUSNJAK, S., ŠPOLJAR, A. & SRAKA, M. (1998): FAO UNESCO pedološka karta 1:1.000.000 [FAO UNESCO Pedologycal map 1:1.000.000 – in Croatian].– Agronomski fakultet Sveuč. u Zagrebu, Zavod za pedologiju, Zagreb.
BOKHORST, M.P., BEETS, C.J., MARKOVIĆ, S.B., GERASIMENKO, N.P., MATVIISHINA, Z.N. & FRECHEN, M. (2009): Pedo-chemical climate proxies in Late Pleistocene Serbian–Ukranian loess sequences.– Quatern. Int., 198/1–2, 113–123. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.09.003
BREWER, R. (1976): Fabric and Mineral analysis of Soils.– Krieger, Huntington, New York, 482 p.
BRINDLEY, G.W. & BROWN, G. (1980): Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification.– Miner. Soc., London, 495 p. doi: 10.1180/mono-5
BRONGER, A. (2003): Corelation of loess-paleosol sequences in East and Central Asia with SE Central Europe: towards a continental Queternary pedostratigraphy and paleoclimatic history.- Quat. Int., 106/107, 11–31.
BROWN, G. (1961): The X-ray Identification and Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals.– Miner. Soc, London, 544 p.
CGS-DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY (2009): Geological Map of Republic of Croatia, M 1:300.000.– Croatian Geological Survey, Department of Geology, Zagreb.
ĆIRIĆ, M. (1965): Atlas šumskih zemljišta Jugoslavije. Jugoslavenski poljoprivredno šumarski centar - Beograd. Grafički zavod Hrvatske, Zagreb, 250 p.
CROATIAN METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL SERVICE (2023): Wind Atlas, https://meteo.hr/klima.php?section=klima_hrvatska¶m=k1_8 (last accessed 1st March, 2023).
DOKUCHAEV, V.V. (1948): Russian Chernozem: Selected Works [in Russian].– Sel´khozgiz, Moscow, 1, 21–476.
DURN, G., OTTNER, F., SLOVENEC, D. (1999): Clay minerals as an indicator of the polygenetic nature of terra rossa in Istria, Croatia. – Geoderma, 91, 1–2, 125–150.
DURN, G. (2003): Terra rossa in the Mediterranean region: parent materials, composition and origin.– Geol. Croat., 56/1, 83–100. doi: 10.4154/gc.2003.06
DURN, G., ALJINOVIĆ, D., CRNJAKOVIĆ, M. & LUGOVIĆ, B. (2007): Heavy and light mineral fractions indicate polygenesis of extensive terra rossa soils in Istria, Croatia.– In: MANGE, M.A. & WRIGHT, D.T. (eds.): Heavy Minerals in Use. Dev. Sedim., 58, 701–737. doi: 10.1016/s0070-4571(07)58028-3
ECKMEIER, E., GERLACH, R., GEHRT, E. & SCHMIDT, M.W.I. (2007): Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe – A review.– Geoderma, 139, 288–299. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009
FAIVRE, S., GALOVIĆ, L., SÜMEGI, P., CVITANOVIĆ, M., NÁFRÁDI., K. & HORVATINČIĆ, N. (2019): Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Milna valley on the island of Vis (Central Adriatic) during the late Holocene.– Quatern. Int., 510, 1–17. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.017
FAO (2006): Guidelines for Soil Description. 4th ed.– FAO, Rome, 97 p.
FRECHEN, M., OCHES, E.A. & KOHFELD, K.E. (2003): Loess in Europe – mass accumulation rates during the Last Glacial Period.– In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.): Loess and the Dust Indicators and Records of Terrestrial and Marine Palaeoenvironments (DIRTMAP) database.– Quat. Sci. Rev., 22/18–19, 1835–1857. doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00183-5
FRECHEN, M. & PÉCSI, M. (2004): Abony brickyard: IRSL and TL analysis of “Infusion Loess”.– LoessInForm, 4, 63–70.
GAJIĆ, B., ŽIVKOVIĆ, M. & DUGALIĆ, G. (2006): Aggregate composition of carbonate chernozem from south Banat.– Zemljište i biljka, 55/ 2, 131–140.
GALOVIĆ, L. (2014): Geochemical archive in the three loess/paleosol sections in the Eastern Croatia: Zmajevac I, Zmajevac and Erdut.– Aeolian Res., 15, 113–132. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.07.004
GALOVIĆ, L. (2016): Sedimentological and mineralogical characteristics of the Pleistocene loess/paleosol sections in the Eastern Croatia.– Aeolian Res., 20, 7–23. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.10.007
GALOVIĆ, L., FRECHEN, M., HALAMIĆ, J., DURN, G. & ROMIĆ, M. (2009): Loess chronostratigraphy in Eastern Croatia – A first luminescence dating approach.– Quatern. Int., 198, 85–97. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2008.02.004
GALOVIĆ, L. & PEH, Z. (2016): Mineralogical discrimination of the Pleistocene loess/paleosol sections in Srijem and Baranja, Croatia.– Aeolian Res., 21, 151–162. doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.04.006
GORJANOVIĆ-KRAMBERGER, D. (1911): Iz prapornih predjela Slavonije [From the loess areas of Slavonia – in Croatian and German].– Vijesti geol. povjerenstva, 2, 28–30, Zagreb.
GORJANOVIĆ-KRAMBERGER, D. (1922): Morfologijske i hidrografijske prilike prapornih predjela u Srijemu te pograničnih česti županije virovitičke [Morphological and hydrographic conditions of flag areas in Srijem and the border areas of Virovitica County – in Croatian].– Glasnik Hrv. prir. društva, 34/2, 111–164.
GRAČANIN, M. (1951): Pedologija, III. dio - Sistematika tala [Pedology, part III. Systematics of soils – in Croatian].– Školska knjiga, Zagreb, 298 p.
HEĆIMOVIĆ, I. (1991): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Tumač za list Mohač, Geomorfološka analiza [Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100.000, Geology of the Mohač sheet, Geomorphological analysis – in Croatian].– Fond struč. dok. HGI Zagreb, 5 p.
HRN ISO 10390 (2005): Soil quality – Determination of pH (ISO 10390:2005).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 10693 (2004): Soil quality – Determination of carbonate content – Volumetric method (ISO 10693:1995).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11272 (2004): Soil quality– Determination of dry bulk density (ISO 11272:1998).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11277 (2011): Soil quality – Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material – Method by sieving and sedimentation (ISO 11277:2009).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11464 (2009): Soil quality – Pretreatment of samples for physico-chemical analysis (ISO 11464:2006).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HRN ISO 11508 (2004): Soil Quality – Soil quality – Determination of particle density (ISO 11508:1998).– Croatian Standard Institute, Zagreb.
HUSNJAK, S. (2014): Sistematika tla Hrvatske [Soil systematics of Croatia – in Croatian].– Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 375 p.
IUSS WORKING GROUP WRB (2022): World Reference base for Soil Resources. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legenda for soil maps. 4th edition.– International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS), Vienna, Austria, 234 p.
JDPZ (1966): Priručnik za ispitivanje zemljišta, Knjiga 1, Hemijske metode ispitivanja zemljišta [Manual for soil testing, Book 1, Chemical Methods of Soil Testing – in Serbian].– Jugoslovensko društvo za proučavanje zemljišta (JDPZ), 270 p.
JDPZ (1971): Priručnik za ispitivanje zemljišta, Knjiga 5, Metode istraživanje fizičkih svojstava zemljišta [Manual for soil testing, Book 5, Methods of investigation of physical properties of soil – in Serbian].– Jugoslovensko društvo za proučavanje zemljišta (JDPZ), 205 p.
JELIĆ, T. & KALOGJERA, A. (2002): Tematski zemljovidi [Thematic maps – in Croatian].– In: BOROVAC, I. (ed.): Veliki atlas Hrvatske [The big atlas of Croatia – in Croatian]. Mozaik knjiga, Zagreb, 338–355.
JENNY, H. (1980): The Soil Resource: Origin and Behaviour. Springer, New York, 281 p.
KEMPE, U., GÖTZE, J., DOMBON, E., MONECKE, T. & POUTIVTSEV, M. (2012): Quartz regeneration and its use as a repository of genetic information.– In: GÖTZE, J. & MÖCKEL, R. (eds.): Quartz: Deposits, mineralogy and analytics. Springer Verlag, 331–355. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-22161-3_15
KLEPIKOV, I.V., VASILEV, E.A. & ANTONOV, A.V. (2022): Regeneration Growth as One of the Principal Stages of Diamond Crystallogenesis.– Minerals, 12, 327. doi: 10.3390/min12030327
KOVAČIĆ, M., HORVAT, M., PIKIJA, M. & SLOVENEC, D. (2011): Composition and provenance of Neogene sedimentary rocks of Dilj gora Mt. (south Pannonian Basin, Croatia).– Geol. Croat., 64/2, 121–132. doi: 10.4154/GC.2011.10
KRAVCHENKO, Y., ROGOVSKA, N., PETRENKO, L., ZHANG, X., SONG, C. & CHEN, Y. (2012): Quality and dynamics of soil organic matter in a typical Chernozem of Ukraine under different long-term tillage systems.– Can. J. Soil Sci., 92/3, 429–438. doi: 10.4141/cjss2010-053
KRUPENYKOV, I.A. (2008): Chernozems. Appearance, perfection, tragedy degradation, path of protection and renaissance [in Russian].– Pontos, Kishineu, 288 p.
ŁABAZ, B. , WAROSZEWSKI, J., DUDEK, M., BOGACZ, A. & KABALA, C. (2022): Persistence of arable Chernozems and Chernic Rendzic Phaeozems in the eroded undulating loess plateau in Central Europe.– Catena, 216, 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106417
ŁABAZ, B., KABALA, C., DUDEK, M. & WAROSZEWSKI, J. (2019): Morphological diversity of chernozemic soils in south-western Poland.– Soil Science Annual, 70/3, 211–224. doi: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0019
ŁABAZ, B., MUSZTYFAGA, E., WAROSZEWSKI, J., BOGACZ, A., JEZIERSKI, P. & KABALA, C. (2018): Landscape-related transformation and differentiation of Chernozems – Catenary approach in the Silesian Lowland, SW Poland.– Catena, 161, 63–76. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2017.10.003
MARKOVIĆ, S.B., VANDENBERGHE, J., PERIĆ, Z.M., FILYÓ, D., BARTYIK, T., RADAKOVIĆ, M.G., HAO, Q., MARKOVIĆ, R.S., LUKIĆ, T., TOMIĆ, N., GAVRILOV, M.B., ANTIĆ, A., CVIJANOVIĆ, I. & SIPOS, G. (2023): Local Differentiation in the Loess Deposition as a Function of Dust Source: Key Study Novo Orahovo Loess Paleosol Sequence (Vojvodina, Serbia).– Quaternary, 6/1, 23. doi: 10.3390/quat6010023
MOORE, D. & RAYNOLDS, R. (1997): X-raj Diffraction and the Identification of and Analysis of Clay Minerals (2nd Ed.).– Oxford University Press, New York, 378 p.
MUNSELL SOIL COLOR BOOK (2013): Munsell Soil Color Charts with genuine Munsell color chips.– Macbeth Division of Kollmorgem Instruments Corporation, New Windsor.
MUTIĆ, R. (1990): Korelacija kvartara istočne Slavonije na osnovi podataka mineraloško-petrografskih analiza [Correlation of the Eastern Slavonian Quaternary Deposits Based onthe Mineralogical and Petrological Analyses (Eastern Croatia) – in Croatian].– Acta Geol. 20/2, 1–52.
NEJGEBAUER, V. (1951): Vojvođanski černozem – njegova veza sa černozemom istočne i jugoistočne Europe i pravac njegove degradacije [Vojvodina chernozem - its connection with the chernozem of Eastern and Southeastern Europe and the direction of its degradation – in Serbian].– Naučni zbornik Matice srpske, 1, 1–78.
NEJGEBAUER, V., VUCHICH, N., MILKOVICH, N. (1983): The Jugoslavian chernozem.– Počvovedenje, 9, 22–32.
PAMIĆ, J. & PIKIJA, M. (1987): Badenian Andesites and Pyroclastics from Baranja in Northern Croatia (Yugoslavia).– Acta Geol. Hung., 30/1-2, 111–132.
PEEL, M.C., FINLAYSON, B.L. & MCMAHON, T.A. (2007): Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.– Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11/5, 1633–1644. doi: 10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007
PERČEC TADIĆ, M., PASARIĆ, Z. & GUIJARRO, J.A. (2023): Croatian high-resolution monthly gridded dataset of homogenised surface air temperature.– Theor. Appl. Climatol., 151, 227–251. doi: 10.1007/s00704-022-04241-y
PERNAR, N. (2017): Tlo, nastanak, značajke, gospodarenje [Soil, formation, characteristics, management – in Croatian].– Udžbenik Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 799 p.
PILAR, D. (1875): Podravina, Đakovština i Dilj gora [Podravina, Đakovo area and Dilj gora Mt. – in Croatian].– Rad JAZU, 33,38–57, Zagreb.
POZNIAK, S. (2019): Chernozems of Ukraine: past, present and future perspectives.– Soil Science Annual, 70/3, 193–197. doi: 10.2478/ssa-2019-0017
RADAKOVIĆ, M.G., GAVRILOV, M.B., HAMBACH, H., RANDALL SCHAETZL, J., TOŠIĆ, I., NINKOV, J., VASIN, J. & MARKOVIĆ, S.B. (2019): Quantitative relationships between climate and magnetic susceptibility of soils on the Bačka Loess Plateau (Vojvodina, Serbia).– Quatern. Int., 502/Part A, 85–94. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.040
ROESCHMANN, G., EHLERS, J., MEYER, B. & ROHDENBURG, H. (1982): Paläoböden in Niedersachsen, Bremen und Hamburg [Paleosoils in Lower Saxony, Bremen and Hamburg – in German].– Geologisches Jahrbuch. F, 14, 255–309.
ROMIĆ, M., BRAGATO, G., ZOVKO, M., ROMIĆ, D., MOSETTI, D., GALOVIĆ, L. & BAKIĆ, H. (2014): The characteristics of cultivated soils developed from coastal paleosand (Korčula Island, Croatia).– Catena, 113, 281–291. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2013.08.009
RUBINIĆ, V., GALOVIĆ, L., HUSNJAK, S. & DURN, G. (2015): Climate vs. parent material – Which is the key of Stagnosol diversity in Croatia?.– Geoderma, 250–261. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.11.029
RUBINIĆ, V., GALOVIĆ, L., LAZAREVIĆ, B., HUSNJAK, S. & DURN, G. (2018): Pseudogleyed loess derivates - The most common soil parent materials in the Pannonian region of Croatia.– Quatern. Int., 494, 248–262. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.06.044
SCHEFFER F. & SCHACHTSCHABEL P. (2002): Lehrbuch der Bodenkunde. 15. Auflage [Textbook of Soil Science. 15th edition – in German].– Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, 593 p.
SLOVENEC, D., BELAK, M., MIŠUR, I., ŠEGVIĆ, B. & SCHUSTER, R. (2020): The early Paleozoic cumulate gabbroic rocks from the southwest part of the Tisza Mega-Unit (Mt. Papuk, NE Croatia) - evidence of a Gondwana suture zone.– Int. J. Earth Sci., 109/6, 2209–2233. doi: 10.1007/s00531-020-01896-8
ŠANDOR, F. (1912): Istraživanja prapora iz Vukovara, Bilogore i sa Rajne (Prethodne vijesti) [Investigations of loess from Vukovar, Bilogora and the Rhine River (Previous News) – in Croatian].–Vijesti geol. povjerenstva, 2, 103–107.
ŠEGVIĆ, B., SLOVENEC, D. & BADURINA, L. (2022): Major and rare earth element mineral chemistry of low-grade assemblages inform dynamics of hydrothermal ocean-floor metamorphism in the Dinaridic Neotethys.– Geol. Mag., First view, 1–27. doi: 10.1017/S0016756822001030
ŠKORIĆ, A. (1960): Degradacija černozema u Hrvatskoj [Degradation of chernozem in Croatia – in Croatian].– Poljoprivredno znanstvena smotra, 17, 187–226.
ŠKORIĆ, A. et al. (1977): Tla Slavonije i Baranje [Soils of Slavonia and Baranja – in Croatian].– Projektni savjet pedološke karte Hrvatske, posebna izdanja, knjiga 1, 256 p.
ŠKORIĆ, A. (1982): Priručnik za pedološka istraživanja [Soils of Slavonia and Baranja – in Croatian].– Sveučilište u Zagrebu Fakultet poljoprivrednih znanosti, 57 p.
ŠKORIĆ, A., FILIPOVSKI, G. & ČIRIĆ, M. (1973): Klasifikacija tala Jugoslavije [Classification of soils of Yugoslavia – in Croatian].– Zavod za pedologiju Fakulteta poljoprivrednih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, 72 p.
ŠKORIĆ, A., FILIPOVSKI G. & ĆIRIĆ, M. (1985): Klasifikacija zemljišta Jugoslavije [Classification of soils of Yugoslavia – in Croatian].– Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 72 p.
ŠPOLJAR, A., HUSNJAK, S., PEREMIN VOLF, T. & ŽIBRIN, D. (2001): Zemljišne kombinacije pedološkog pokrova Hrvatske [Soil combinations of pedological cover in Croatia – in Croatian].– Agronomski glasnik, 63/1–2, 3–21.
TERHORST, B., OTTNER, F. & WRIESSNIG, K. (2012): Weathering intensity and pedostratigraphy of the Middle to Upper Pleistocene loess/paleosol sequence of Wels- Aschet (Upper Austria).– Quatern. Int., 265, 142–154. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.08.042
THAMÓ-BOZSÓ, E. & KOVÁCS, L. (2007): Evolution of quaternary to modern fluvial network in the Mid-Hungarian plain, indicated by heavy mineral distributions and statistical analysis of heavy mineral data.– In: MANGE, M., WRIGHT, D. (eds.): Heavy Minerals in Use. Developments in Sedimentology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 58, 491–514. doi: 10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58019-2
THAMÓ-BOZSÓ, E., KOVÁCS, L.O., MAGYARI, Á. & MARSI, I. (2014): Tracing the origin of loess in Hungary with the help of heavy mineral composition data.– Quatern. Int., 319, 11–21. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.04.030
TRIFUNOVIĆ, S. (1985): Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Tumač za list Odžaci L34-87 [Basic geological map of SFRY 1:100.000, Geology of the Ođaci sheet – in Croatian].– Geološki institut Beograd i Nafta-gas Novi Sad (1984), Sav. geol. zavod, Beograd. 54 p.
ÚJVÁRI, G., KOK, J.F., VARGA, G. & KOVÁCS, J. (2016): The physics of wind-blown loess: implicationsfor grain size proxy interpretations in Quaternary paleoclimate studies.– Earth Sci. Rev., 154, 247–278. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.006
ÚJVÁRI, G., VARGA, A. & BALOGH-BRUNSTAD, Z. (2008): Origin, weathering, and geochemical composition of loess in southwestern Hungary.– Quaternary Res., 69, 421e437. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2008.02.001
ÚJVÁRI, G., VARGA, A., RAUCSIK, B. & KOVÁCS, J. (2014): The Paks loess-paleosol sequence: A record of chemical weathering and provenance for the last 800 ka in the mid-Carpathian basin.– Quatern. Int., 319, 22–37. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.04.004
URUMOVIĆ, K., MARTINČEVIĆ LAZAR, J. & KOSOVIĆ, I. (2017): Relations between mineralogical compound and hydrogeological properties of typical finegrained sediments in Eastern Croatia.– In: POSAVEC, K. & MARKOVIĆ T. (eds.): 44th Annual Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), Book of Abstracts, IAH, Dubrovnik, 146.
VELDE, B. & MEUNIER, A. (2008): The Origin of Clay minerals in Soils and Weathered Rocks. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 407 p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-75634-7
VELIĆ, J., DRAGIČEVIĆ, I. & PRELOGOVIĆ, E. (1985): Geološki odnosi kvartarnih naslaga okolice Erduta (istočna Slavonija).– Geol. vjesnik, 38, 87–100.
VIDOJEVIĆ, D., MANOJLOVIĆ, M., ĐORĐEVIĆ, A., NEŠIĆ, LJ. & DIMIĆ, B. (2016): Organic carbon stocks in the chernozems of Serbia. EUROSOIL, Istambul, Abstract book, 288.
WACHA L., GALOVIĆ L., KOLOSZÁR L., MAGYARI Á., CHIKÁN G. & MARSI I. (2013). The chronology of the Šarengrad II loess-palaeosol section (Eastern Croatia).– Geol. Croat., 66, 191–203. doi: 10.4154/GC.2013.18
WARR L.N. (2021): IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols.– Mineral. Mag., 85, 291–320. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43
WHITNEY, D.L. & EVANS, B.W. (2010): Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals, Am. Mineral., 95, 185-187. doi: 10.2138/am.2010.3371